{"id":16674,"date":"2021-12-09T12:37:03","date_gmt":"2021-12-09T11:37:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.upjs.sk\/prirodovedecka-fakulta\/actuality\/26041-2\/"},"modified":"2024-04-10T07:55:47","modified_gmt":"2024-04-10T06:55:47","slug":"26041-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.upjs.sk\/prirodovedecka-fakulta\/zaostrene-na-nobelove-ceny\/26041-2\/","title":{"rendered":"ZAOSTREN\u00c9 na Nobelove ceny 2021"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.kb-image16674_93861a-80 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}.kb-image16674_93861a-80 img.kb-img, .kb-image16674_93861a-80 .kb-img img{border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image16674_93861a-80 size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1170\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.upjs.sk\/app\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/banner-il-Nobelove-Ceny-archiv.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-63104\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.upjs.sk\/app\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/banner-il-Nobelove-Ceny-archiv.png 1170w, https:\/\/www.upjs.sk\/app\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/banner-il-Nobelove-Ceny-archiv-300x51.png 300w, https:\/\/www.upjs.sk\/app\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/banner-il-Nobelove-Ceny-archiv-1024x175.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.upjs.sk\/app\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/banner-il-Nobelove-Ceny-archiv-768x131.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1170px) 100vw, 1170px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column16674_35ef26-32 > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column16674_35ef26-32 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);}.kadence-column16674_35ef26-32 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column16674_35ef26-32 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;}.kadence-column16674_35ef26-32 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column16674_35ef26-32 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column16674_35ef26-32 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column16674_35ef26-32{align-self:center;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column16674_35ef26-32{align-self:auto;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column16674_35ef26-32 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column16674_35ef26-32 > .kt-inside-inner-col{background-color:#F4F4F4;}.kadence-column16674_35ef26-32 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column16674_35ef26-32{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column16674_35ef26-32 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column16674_35ef26-32 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column16674_35ef26-32\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>10. december 2021, <\/strong>online<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-prirodovedecka-f-color has-text-color\"><strong>Nobelova cena za fyziku 20<\/strong>21<\/h4>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column16674_effb31-10 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);}.kadence-column16674_effb31-10 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column16674_effb31-10 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;}.kadence-column16674_effb31-10 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column16674_effb31-10 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column16674_effb31-10 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column16674_effb31-10 > .kt-inside-inner-col{background-color:#F4F4F4;}.kadence-column16674_effb31-10 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column16674_effb31-10{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column16674_effb31-10 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column16674_effb31-10 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column16674_effb31-10\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Komplexn\u00fd svet okolo n\u00e1s<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Predn\u00e1\u0161aj\u00faci: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.upjs.sk\/PF\/zamestnanec\/tomas.lucivjansky\/\" class=\"ek-link\">RNDr. Tom\u00e1\u0161 Lu\u010divjansk\u00fd, PhD.<\/a><\/strong>, Katedra teoretickej fyziky a astrofyziky, \u00dastav fyzik\u00e1lnych vied, Pr\u00edrodovedeck\u00e1 fakulta UPJ\u0160 v Ko\u0161iciach<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\"><strong>Anot\u00e1cia:<\/strong> Je mo\u017en\u00e9 predikova\u0165 po\u010dasie? Sp\u00f4sobuje \u010dlovek klimatick\u00e9 zmeny? Ako s\u00favis\u00ed po\u010dasie s kl\u00edmou? Je mo\u017en\u00e9 pochopi\u0165 ako funguje \u013eudsk\u00fd mozog? Ako to s\u00favis\u00ed so spr\u00e1van\u00edm sa magnetov? Do akej miery je v pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch ved\u00e1ch pou\u017eite\u013en\u00fd redukcionistick\u00fd pr\u00edstup? Ako vznik\u00e1 emergentn\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie? Tieto a \u010fal\u0161ie podobn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky s\u00favisia s tohtoro\u010dnou <strong>Nobelovou cenou za fyziku<\/strong>, ktor\u00e1 bola udelen\u00e1 trom p\u00e1nom: &nbsp;<strong>Syukurovi Manabemu, Klausovi Hasselmannovi a Giorgiovi Parisimi<\/strong>. Nez\u00e1visle na sebe uk\u00e1zali, ako je mo\u017en\u00e9 zodpoveda\u0165 hore uveden\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky a objavili sp\u00f4soby pre ich kvantitat\u00edvne sk\u00famanie. V predn\u00e1\u0161ke sa zameriame na fyzik\u00e1lne pr\u00edstupy k uveden\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom a objasn\u00edme, ako napriek zdanlivej komplexnosti pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch javov im dok\u00e1\u017eeme porozumie\u0165.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-prirodovedecka-f-color has-text-color\"><strong>Nobelova cena za ch\u00e9miu 20<\/strong>21<\/h4>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column16674_3ade25-0f > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);}.kadence-column16674_3ade25-0f > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column16674_3ade25-0f > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;}.kadence-column16674_3ade25-0f > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column16674_3ade25-0f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column16674_3ade25-0f > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column16674_3ade25-0f > .kt-inside-inner-col{background-color:#F4F4F4;}.kadence-column16674_3ade25-0f > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column16674_3ade25-0f{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column16674_3ade25-0f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column16674_3ade25-0f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column16674_3ade25-0f\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Mal\u00e9 organick\u00e9 molekuly s ve\u013ek\u00fdmi katalytick\u00fdmi vlastnos\u0165ami<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Predn\u00e1\u0161aj\u00faca: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.upjs.sk\/PF\/zamestnanec\/monika.tvrdonova\/\" class=\"ek-link\">RNDr. Monika Tvrdo\u0148ov\u00e1, PhD.<\/a><\/strong>, Katedra organickej ch\u00e9mie, \u00dastav chemick\u00fdch vied, Pr\u00edrodovedeck\u00e1 fakulta UPJ\u0160 v Ko\u0161iciach<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\"><strong>Anot\u00e1cia:<\/strong> Tohtoro\u010dn\u00fa <strong>Nobelovu cenu za ch\u00e9miu z\u00edskali<\/strong> dvaja organick\u00ed chemici <strong>Benjamin List a David MacMillan<\/strong> za objav <strong>asymetrickej organokatal\u00fdzy<\/strong>. Organokatal\u00fdza vyu\u017e\u00edva ako katalyz\u00e1tory mal\u00e9 organick\u00e9 molekuly, ktor\u00e9 okrem ur\u00fdch\u013eovania reakci\u00ed dok\u00e1\u017eu kontrolova\u0165 ich priebeh. Pri niektor\u00fdch reakci\u00e1ch je mo\u017en\u00fd vznik dvoch asymetrick\u00fdch produktov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa navz\u00e1jom zrkadlov\u00fdmi obrazmi, tzv. enantiom\u00e9rov. Na pr\u00edpravu enantiom\u00e9rov v \u010distej forme sa dlho pou\u017e\u00edvala katal\u00fdza kovmi alebo enz\u00fdmami, ktor\u00fdch pou\u017eitie sa ale sp\u00e1ja s \u00fazkou substr\u00e1tovou \u0161pecifitou enz\u00fdmov a potenci\u00e1lnou toxicitou kovov\u00fdch katalyz\u00e1torov. Obaja laure\u00e1ti nez\u00e1visle od seba ako prv\u00ed pou\u017eili nov\u00fd typ katalyz\u00e1tora \u2013 lacn\u00fa a netoxick\u00fa mal\u00fa organick\u00fa molekulu (B. List aminokyselinu L-prol\u00edn a D. MacMillan chir\u00e1lny imidazolidin\u00f3n), pomocou ktorej selekt\u00edvne pripravili produkty aldolovej a Diels-Alderovej reakcie. V\u010faka tomuto objavu je mo\u017en\u00e9 jednoduch\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom pripravi\u0165 jeden enantiom\u00e9r (\u010dist\u00fd alebo vo v\u00fdraznom nadbytku), pridan\u00edm vhodne zvolen\u00e9ho organokatalyz\u00e1tora do reakcie. D\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 asymetrickej organokatal\u00fdzy tkvie v jej praktickom vyu\u017eit\u00ed, napr\u00edklad pri synt\u00e9ze opticky \u010dist\u00fdch lie\u010div vo farmaceutickom priemysle za ekologicky v\u00fdhodnej\u0161\u00edch podmienok.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-prirodovedecka-f-color has-text-color\"><strong>Nobelova cena za fyziol\u00f3giu\/medic\u00ednu 2019<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column16674_f6461d-5e > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);}.kadence-column16674_f6461d-5e > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column16674_f6461d-5e > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;}.kadence-column16674_f6461d-5e > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column16674_f6461d-5e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column16674_f6461d-5e > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column16674_f6461d-5e > .kt-inside-inner-col{background-color:#F4F4F4;}.kadence-column16674_f6461d-5e > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column16674_f6461d-5e{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column16674_f6461d-5e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column16674_f6461d-5e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column16674_f6461d-5e\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ako pracuj\u00fa senzory v na\u0161om tele<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Predn\u00e1\u0161aj\u00faca: <strong><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.upjs.sk\/PF\/zamestnanec\/benadik.smajda\/\" class=\"ek-link\">prof. RNDr. Be\u0148adik \u0160majda, CSc.<\/a><\/strong><\/strong>, Katedra fyziol\u00f3gie \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov, \u00dastav biologick\u00fdch a ekologick\u00fdch vied, Pr\u00edrodovedeck\u00e1 fakulta UPJ\u0160 v Ko\u0161iciach<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\"><strong>Anot\u00e1cia:<\/strong> V\u0161etko, \u010do sa odohr\u00e1va vo svete ktor\u00fd n\u00e1s obklopuje ako aj vo vn\u00fatri n\u00e1\u0161ho tela, dok\u00e1\u017eeme vn\u00edma\u0165, spracova\u0165 a reagova\u0165 na\u0148 v\u010faka \u0161pecializovan\u00fdm sn\u00edma\u010dom \u2013 receptorom. Niektor\u00e9 z nich, ako s\u00fa zrakov\u00e9, sluchov\u00e9, \u010duchov\u00e9 a chu\u0165ov\u00e9 receptory, s\u00fa s\u00fastreden\u00e9 do zmyslov\u00fdch org\u00e1nov. M\u00e1me v\u0161ak aj receptory roztr\u00fasen\u00e9 po celom povrchu tela, ba aj vo vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch org\u00e1noch, pomocou ktor\u00fdch vieme vn\u00edma\u0165 &nbsp;dotyk, teplo, chlad, polohu tela v priestore a poci\u0165ova\u0165 &nbsp;boles\u0165. S\u00fahrne tvoria tzv. somatosenzorick\u00fd syst\u00e9m. V\u0161etky tieto receptory premie\u0148aj\u00fa podnety fyzik\u00e1lnej a chemickej povahy &nbsp;na elektro-chemick\u00e9 deje \u2013 na &nbsp;nervov\u00e9 impulzy, ktor\u00e9 sa ved\u00fa nervov\u00fdmi dr\u00e1hami do centr\u00e1lneho nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Tu potom kombin\u00e1ciou vstupov z r\u00f4znych druhov receptorov vznik\u00e1 komplexn\u00fd vnem okolit\u00e9ho sveta. Ak\u00e9 s\u00fa molekul\u00e1rne mechanizmy transform\u00e1cie r\u00f4znych druhov podnetov na jednotn\u00fd \u201ejazyk\u201c nervov\u00fdch vzruchov ? Ako s\u00fa ich vlastnosti zak\u00f3dovan\u00e9 do postupnost\u00ed sign\u00e1lov ? Na tieto a \u010fal\u0161ie ot\u00e1zky h\u013eadali odpovede dva v\u00fdskumn\u00e9 t\u00edmy pod veden\u00edm &nbsp;<strong>Davida Juliusa a &nbsp;Avrema Pataputiana<\/strong> z USA. S\u00fastredili sa najm\u00e4 na vn\u00edmanie tepla, chladu a mechanickej sily. Ich vy\u0161e 10-ro\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdskum, ktor\u00fd priniesol mnoh\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 a aj pre medic\u00ednsku prax (napr. pre v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch typov analget\u00edk) d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 odpovede, bol odmenen\u00fd tohtoro\u010dnou Nobelovou cenou za fyziol\u00f3giu a medic\u00ednu.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/all-nobel-prizes-2021\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Viac inform\u00e1ci\u00ed<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id16674_2b31fe-6f > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id16674_2b31fe-6f > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id16674_2b31fe-6f > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(20% - 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