{"id":18986,"date":"2008-12-08T11:17:10","date_gmt":"2008-12-08T11:17:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.upjs.sk\/prirodovedecka-fakulta\/studium\/dalsie-vzdelavanie\/predmety-rigoroznej-skusky-biologia\/"},"modified":"2022-10-26T08:12:38","modified_gmt":"2022-10-26T08:12:38","slug":"predmety-rigoroznej-skusky-biologia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.upjs.sk\/prirodovedecka-fakulta\/studium\/dalsie-vzdelavanie\/predmety-rigoroznej-skusky-biologia\/","title":{"rendered":"Predmety rigor\u00f3znej sk\u00fa\u0161ky – Biol\u00f3gia"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0160tudijn\u00e9 predmety s\u00fa rozdelen\u00e9 do skupiny povinn\u00fdch a volite\u013en\u00fdch predmetov. Uch\u00e1dza\u010d si vyberie dva \u0161tudijn\u00e9 predmety, z ktor\u00fdch jeden mus\u00ed by\u0165 zo skupiny povinn\u00fdch predmetov a jeden zo skupiny volite\u013en\u00fdch predmetov.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Povinn\u00e9 predmety<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Botanika I<\/strong><\/p>\n

Morfol\u00f3gia, cytol\u00f3gia, ekol\u00f3gia, fylogen\u00e9za a syst\u00e9m v\u0161etk\u00fdch skup\u00edn tzv. ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch rastl\u00edn. Sinice a riasy (Cyanophyta, Prochlorophyta, Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, Heterocontophyta, Haptophyta, Cryptophyta, Dinophyta, Euglenophyta, Chlorarachniophyta, Chlorophyta). Slizovky (Plasmodiophoromycota, Dictyosteliomycota, Acrasiomycota, Labyrinthulomycota). Huby (Oomycota, Hyphochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota). Li\u0161ajn\u00edky. Machorasty.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>
Ba\u010dkor, M.: Z\u00e1klady syst\u00e9mu ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch rastl\u00edn I.(sinice, riasy a slizovky), UPJ\u0160, Ko\u0161ice.<\/p>\n

2. Histol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Charakteristika a \u0161trukt\u00fara z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010d\u00ed\u0161nych tkan\u00edv: epitelov\u00e9ho, spojivov\u00e9ho, kostn\u00e9ho, svalov\u00e9ho, krvi a nervov\u00e9ho tkaniva. Histologick\u00e1 stavba tkan\u00edv jednotliv\u00fdch s\u00fastav stavovcov. Ko\u017ea a jej deriv\u00e1ty, zmyslov\u00e9 org\u00e1ny, imunologick\u00fd syst\u00e9m, cievna s\u00fastava a srdce, \u017e\u013eazy s vn\u00fatorn\u00fdm vylu\u010dovan\u00edm, tr\u00e1viaca s\u00fastava, d\u00fdchacia s\u00fastava, vylu\u010dovacia s\u00fastava a rozmno\u017eovacia s\u00fastava.
Literat\u00fara: <\/strong>J. Mar\u0161ala: Tkaniv\u00e1 a org\u00e1ny, Veda Bratislava, 1983.
L. Carlos Junqueira a kol.: Z\u00e1klady histol\u00f3gie, Nakladatelstv\u00ed H&H, Praha, 1997.
V. Konr\u00e1dov\u00e1 a kol.: Histologie, U\u010debn\u00e9 texty, KU Praha, 1996.<\/p>\n

3. Cytol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00darovne organiz\u00e1cie \u017eiv\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov. Charakteristiky a porovnanie prokaryotick\u00fdch a eukaryotick\u00fdch (rastlinn\u00fdch a \u017eivo\u010d\u00ed\u0161nych) buniek. V\u00fdskyt, stavba (mikroskopick\u00e1, submikroskopick\u00e1 a molekulov\u00e1) a funkcie jednotliv\u00fdch bunkov\u00fdch \u0161trukt\u00far. \u017divotn\u00fd cyklus bunky.\u00a0
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>
K.Kapeller, H.Strakele: Cytomorfol\u00f3gia, Osveta Martin, 1999.
M.Bob\u00e1k, J.\u0160amaj: Cytol\u00f3gia, Univerzita Komensk\u00e9ho Bratislava, 2002.<\/p>\n

4. V\u0161eobecn\u00e1 botanika<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z hist\u00f3rie a s\u00fa\u010dasnosti rastlinnej systematiky. Pr\u00edstupy ku klasifik\u00e1cii rastl\u00edn. Princ\u00edpy kladistiky a molekul\u00e1rnej systematiky. Cievnat\u00e9 rastliny, evolu\u010dn\u00e9 vetvy plav\u00fa\u0148ov, prasli\u010diek a paprad\u00ed. Semenn\u00e9 rastliny. Nahosemenn\u00e9 rastliny a ich evol\u00facia: cykasy, gink\u00e1, ihli\u010diny, gnetumy. Krytosemenn\u00e9 rastliny. Evol\u00facia a v\u0161eobecn\u00e1 charakteristika. Skupina „ANITA“ a Magnoliidov\u00e1 vetva. Jednokl\u00ed\u010dnolistovit\u00e9 rastliny. Baz\u00e1lne skupiny prav\u00fdch dvojkl\u00ed\u010dnolistovit\u00fdch rastl\u00edn a Caryophyllidov\u00e1 vetva. Rosidov\u00e1 a Asteridov\u00e1 vetva prav\u00fdch dvojkl\u00ed\u010dnolistovit\u00fdch rastl\u00edn.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>
M\u00e1rtonfi P.: Systematika cievnat\u00fdch rastl\u00edn, UPJ\u0160, Ko\u0161ice, 2003.
Judd W. S., Campbell Ch. S., Kellogg E. A. & Stevens P. F., Donoghue M. J.: Plant Systematics. A phylogenetic Approach, 2nd ed., Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 2002.
Dost\u00e1l J., \u010cervenka M.: Ve\u013ek\u00fd k\u013e\u00fa\u010d na ur\u010dovanie rastl\u00edn I. a II., SPN, Bratislava, 1991 a 1992.<\/p>\n

5. Mikrobiol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Charakteristika mikroorganizmov. Architekt\u00fara v\u00edrusov. \u0160trukt\u00fara prokaryotickej bunky. V\u00fd\u017eiva, rast a rozmno\u017eovanie mikroorganizmov. Fyziol\u00f3gia mikroorganizmov. Metabolizmus bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed. Genetika bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed. Plazmidy. Bakteriof\u00e1gy. Patogenita a virulencia. Mikroorganizmy a ich \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie. Kvasinky. Plesne.
Literat\u00fara: <\/strong>S. Rosypal a kol.: Obecn\u00e1 bakteriologie, SNP Praha, 1981.
M. Bedn\u00e1\u0159 a kol.: Lek\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 mikrobiologie. Marvil Praha,1996.
D. Greenwood a kol.: Lek\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 mikrobiologie. Avicenum Praha, 1999.\u00a0<\/p>\n

6. Molekulov\u00e1 biol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0160trukt\u00fara a vlastnosti informa\u010dn\u00fdch makromolek\u00fal. Molekulov\u00e1 stavba chromat\u00ednu a mitotick\u00e9ho a meiotick\u00e9ho chromoz\u00f3mu. Dynamika chromoz\u00f3mov. Replik\u00e1cia chromoz\u00f3movej a mimochromoz\u00f3movej DNA. Oprava po\u0161kodenia DNA. Gen\u00f3m prokaryontov a eukaryontov. \u013dudsk\u00fd gen\u00f3m. Mobiln\u00e9 g\u00e9nov\u00e9 elementy. Transkripcia a potranskrip\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fapravy. Transl\u00e1cia a potransla\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fapravy. \u0160pecifick\u00e1 degrad\u00e1cia prote\u00ednov. Interakcie DNA s prote\u00ednmi. Regul\u00e1cia expresie prokaryotick\u00fdch a eukaryotick\u00fdch g\u00e9nov. Kontrola bunkov\u00e9ho cyklu.
Literat\u00fara: <\/strong>E.Mi\u0161\u00farov\u00e1:Molekul\u00e1rna biol\u00f3gia. U\u010debn\u00e9 texty, PF UPJ\u0160 Ko\u0161ice, 1999.
S.Rosypal:\u00davod do molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed biologie. Grafex Blansko, Brno,1999, 2000.
B. Alberts, D.Bray, J. Lewis a kol.: Molecular Biology of the Cell, Academic Press, London, 1994.<\/p>\n

7. Genetika<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u017div\u00e1 pr\u00edroda ako integrovan\u00e9 genetick\u00e9 laborat\u00f3rium. Hist\u00f3ria a s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd stav rozvoja genetiky. J. G. Mendel \u2013 zakladate\u013e genetiky. Mendlove genetick\u00e9 princ\u00edpy, g\u00e9nov\u00e9 interakcie, v\u00e4zba g\u00e9nov. Dedi\u010dnos\u0165 kvantitat\u00edvnych znakov. Heritabilita. Mapovanie genetick\u00fdch lokusov na chromoz\u00f3me pomocou klasick\u00fdch a molekul\u00e1rno-genetick\u00fdch met\u00f3d. Genetick\u00e1 determin\u00e1cia pohlavia. Stru\u010dn\u00fd fylogenetick\u00fd preh\u013ead. Extrachromoz\u00f3mov\u00e9 genetick\u00e9 determinanty. Plastidov\u00e1 a mitochondri\u00e1lna dedi\u010dnos\u0165. Z\u00e1klady cytogenetiky, mut\u00e1cie a mutagen\u00e9za. Genetika prokaryotick\u00fdch organizmov. Genetick\u00e9 mechanizmy na subcelul\u00e1rnej \u00farovni. \u0160trukt\u00fara a funkcia DNA, mRNA, tRNA. Genetick\u00fd k\u00f3d. Mechanizmus replik\u00e1cie, transkripcie a transl\u00e1cie. Postransla\u010dn\u00e9 a postranskrip\u010dn\u00e9 modifik\u00e1cie. Regul\u00e1cia g\u00e9novej expresie. Z\u00e1klady genetiky \u010dloveka. Genetika popul\u00e1ci\u00ed. Hardyho-Weibergov z\u00e1kon. Faktory nar\u00fa\u0161aj\u00face rovnov\u00e1hu v popul\u00e1cii. Genetick\u00e9 manipul\u00e1cie in vitro. Aplikovan\u00e1 genetika.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Fer\u00e1k, V., Sr\u0161e\u0148, \u0160.: Genetika \u010dloveka. SPN Bratislava, 1981.
Rosypal, S. a kol.: Molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed genetika. SPN Bratislava, 1981.
Darnell, J., Lodish, H., Baltimore, D.: Molecular Cell Biology. Scientific American, New York, 1992.
Kov\u00e1\u010dik, A. a kol.: Genetika rostlin. SZN Praha, 1979.\u00a0
Loewy, A. G.,, Ciekewitz, P., Menninger, J. R., Gallant, J. A. N.: Cell Structure and Function. Saunders College Publ., Philadelphia, 1991.
Ne\u010d\u00e1sek, J. a kol.: Obecn\u00e1 genetika. SPN Praha 1979.
Pa\u010des, V. a kol.: Molekulov\u00e1 genetika. Alfa Bratislava, 1983.
Russell, P. J.: Genetics. Harper Collins Publ., New York, 1992.
Thompson, J. S., Thompsonov\u00e1, M. W.: Klinick\u00e1 genetika. Osveta Martin, 1988.\u00a0
Watson, J. D.: Molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed biologie genu. Academia Praha, 1982.
Watson, J. D. a kol.: Rekombinantn\u00ed DNA. Academia Praha, 1982.<\/p>\n

8. Fyziol\u00f3gia rastl\u00edn<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vodn\u00fd re\u017eim: vodn\u00fd potenci\u00e1l; pr\u00edjem, transport a v\u00fddaj vody. Miner\u00e1lna v\u00fd\u017eiva: pr\u00edjem a transport \u017eiv\u00edn; makroelementy a mikroelementy. Fotosynt\u00e9za: absorpcia svetla\u00b0; elektr\u00f3nov\u00fd a prot\u00f3nov\u00fd transport; fix\u00e1cia CO2; fotorespir\u00e1cia; ekofyziol\u00f3gia. Transport flo\u00e9mom. D\u00fdchanie: odb\u00faravanie sacharidov. Lipidy. Hererotr\u00f3fia Metabolizmus miner\u00e1lnych prvkov. Sekund\u00e1rny metabolizmus. V\u00fdvin a rast. Pletivov\u00e9 kult\u00fary. Horm\u00f3ny rastl\u00edn. Fytochr\u00f3m. Dormancia. Kl\u00ed\u010denie. Kvitnutie. Fotoperiodizmus. Biorytmy. Pohyby. Stres
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>
Masarovi\u010dov\u00e1 E., Rep\u010d\u00e1k M. et al. Fyziol\u00f3gia rastl\u00edn. Vyd. UK Bratislava 2002.<\/p>\n

9. Fyziol\u00f3gia \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 fyziologick\u00e9 pojmy. fyziol\u00f3gia krvi a krvotvorn\u00fdch org\u00e1nov. Fyziol\u00f3gia d\u00fdchania. Termoregul\u00e1cia. Fyziol\u00f3gia serdcovo-cievneho syst\u00e9mu. Fyziol\u00f3gia gastrointestin\u00e1lneho traktu. Postavenie a funkcie pe\u010dene v organizme.Fyziol\u00f3gia v\u00fd\u017eivy a energetick\u00fd metabolizmus. V\u0161eobecn\u00e9 vlastnosti vodiv\u00fdch a vzru\u0161iv\u00fdch s\u00fastav. Funkcie perif\u00e9r-neho a centr\u00e1lneho nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Pr\u00e1ca prie\u010dne pruhovan\u00e9ho a hladk\u00e9ho svalu. Funkcie jednotliv\u00fdch zmyslov\u00fdch analyz\u00e1torov. Hormo-n\u00e1lne regul\u00e1cie.Fyziol\u00f3gia rozmno\u017eovania. Fyziol\u00f3gia exkr\u00e9cie.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
\u0160.Paulov: Fyziol\u00f3gia \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov I.,II.,III., UK Bratislava, 1995.
K.Javorka a kol.: Lek\u00e1rska fyziol\u00f3gia. Osveta,Martin,2001.
S.Trojan: L\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 fyziologie.II.vyd., Grada, Praha, 1997.
S.Silbernagel, A.Desmopopulos:Atlas fyziol\u00f3gie \u010dloveka.II.vyd .,Avicenum, Praha, 1993.<\/p>\n

10. V\u0161eobecn\u00e1 ekol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ekologick\u00e9 faktory, vlastnosti a vz\u0165ahy\u00a0 popul\u00e1ci\u00ed a spolo\u010denstiev, \u0161trukt\u00faa a funkcia\u00a0 ekosyst\u00e9mov, tok\u00a0 energie prirodzen\u00fdch a antropicky ovplyvnen\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9mov.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>
Odum, P. E., 1977: Z\u00e1klady ekologie, Academia, Praha.
Begon, M., Harper, J. L. a kol., 1997: Ekologie: jedinci, populace a spolo\u010denstva, Univ. Palack\u00e9ho, Olomouc.
Hudec, I a Stanko, M., 2001. V\u0161eobecn\u00e1 ekol\u00f3gia. V\u0160 texty PriF UPJ\u0160, Ko\u0161ice.<\/p>\n

11. Zool\u00f3gia I<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1klady taxon\u00f3mie bezchord\u00e1tov, vr\u00e1tane jednobunkovcov. V\u00fdznam a funkcia vybran\u00fdch z\u00e1stupcov jednotliv\u00fdch tax\u00f3nov. N\u00e1\u010drt evol\u00facie bezchord\u00e1tov,\u00a0\u00a0fylogenetick\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Vostal, Z., 1986 (1992): Zool\u00f3gia bezchord\u00e1tov, UPJ\u0160 Ko\u0161ice.
Matis, D., 1997: Zool\u00f3gia bezchord\u00e1tov I, UK Bratislava.
Majzlan, O., 1998: Zool\u00f3gia bezchord\u00e1tov a chord\u00e1tov, Bratislava.
Megutsch, P.A., 1991: Invertebrate zoology, Oxford University.<\/p>\n

12. Zool\u00f3gia II<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky systematick\u00e9ho postavenia chord\u00e1tov, fylogenetick\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy,\u00a0\u00a0 hospod\u00e1rsky v\u00fdznam s d\u00f4razom na modelov\u00fdch z\u00e1stupcov na\u0161ej a svetovej fauny.
Literat\u00fara: <\/strong>Gaisler, J., 1983: Zoologie obratlovc\u016f. Academia, Praha.
Kminiak, J., 1988: Zoologia stavovcov. UK Bratislava.
Vostal, Z., 1989: Zool\u00f3gia II. Chord\u00e1ty. UPJ\u0160 Ko\u0161ice.
\u00a0
13.\u00a0 Didaktika biol\u00f3gie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ciele biologick\u00e9ho vzdel\u00e1vania. \u0160trukt\u00fara biologick\u00e9ho u\u010diva, anal\u00fdza u\u010diva pr\u00edrodopisu a biol\u00f3gie, zostavovanie pojmov\u00fdch m\u00e1p a formul\u00e1cia v\u00fdchovno-vzdel\u00e1vac\u00edch cie\u013eov vyu\u010dovac\u00edch jednotiek. R\u00e1mec EUR a f\u00e1zy vy\u010dovacej hodiny. Vyu\u010dovacie strat\u00e9gie a met\u00f3dy na hodin\u00e1ch pr\u00edrodopisu a biol\u00f3gie. Pojmotvorn\u00fd proces vo vyu\u010dovan\u00ed pr\u00edrodopisu a biol\u00f3gie a jeho logika. Organiz\u00e1cia pr\u00e1ce \u017eiakov. Probl\u00e9mov\u00e9 vyu\u010dovanie a ot\u00e1zky vy\u0161\u0161ieho r\u00e1du. V\u00fdznam reflexie. Overovanie biologick\u00fdch vedomost\u00ed a zru\u010dnost\u00ed. Hodnotenie a klasifik\u00e1cia. V\u00fdchovn\u00e9 aspekty biologick\u00e9ho vzdel\u00e1vania, v\u00fdchova ku kritick\u00e9mu mysleniu. Materi\u00e1lne prostriedky vyu\u010dovania biol\u00f3gie. Inov\u00e1cia obsahu a foriem vyu\u010dovania, nov\u00e9 informa\u010dn\u00e9 a komunika\u010dn\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie v biologickom vzdel\u00e1van\u00ed. Z\u00e1sady tvorby u\u010debnice a metodick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov pre vyu\u010dovanie biol\u00f3gie. \u0160kolsk\u00e1 z\u00e1hrada a k\u00fatik \u017eivej pr\u00edrody. Dejiny didaktiky biol\u00f3gie. R\u00f4zne koncepcie vyu\u010dovanie biol\u00f3gie v zahrani\u010d\u00ed. Fakultat\u00edvna \u010dinnos\u0165 v biologickom vzdel\u00e1van\u00ed. N\u00e1cvik zru\u010dnost\u00ed a pr\u00edprava na pedagogick\u00fa prax z aproba\u010dn\u00e9ho predmetu biol\u00f3gia.
Literat\u00fara: <\/strong>Dorko, J., Kim\u00e1kov\u00e1, K.: Z\u00e1klady didaktiky pr\u00edrodopisu a biol\u00f3gie, PF UPJ\u0160 1990.
Kim\u00e1kov\u00e1, K., Dunayov\u00e1, D., Luczyov\u00e1 P.: Inova\u010dn\u00e9 met\u00f3dy vyu\u010dovania pr\u00edrodopisu\u00a0
a biol\u00f3gie, MC Pre\u0161ov, 2001.
\u0160vecov\u00e1, M.: Teorie a praxe za\u0159azen\u00ed \u0161koln\u00edch projekt\u016f ve v\u00fduce p\u0159\u00edrodopisu a\u00a0 biologie, Karolinum Praha 2001.
Platn\u00e9 u\u010debnice pr\u00edrodopisu a biol\u00f3gie pre z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 a stredn\u00e9 \u0161koly.<\/p>\n

14. Evolu\u010dn\u00e1 biol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky evol\u00facie \u017eiv\u00fdch organizmov. Historick\u00fd poh\u013ead. Evol\u00facia \u017eivota. Element\u00e1rne \u010dinitele evol\u00facie: muta\u010dn\u00fd proces, popula\u010dn\u00e9 vlny, izol\u00e1cia. Pr\u00edrodn\u00fd v\u00fdber ako hybn\u00e1 sila evol\u00facie. Molekulov\u00e1 evol\u00facia. Vznik adapt\u00e1ci\u00ed a ich klasifik\u00e1cia. Koncepcia druhu. Probl\u00e9my makroevol\u00facie: evol\u00facia funkci\u00ed a org\u00e1nov, evol\u00facia ontogen\u00e9zy. Fylogen\u00e9za systematick\u00fdch skup\u00edn \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov. Evolu\u010dn\u00fd progres. Antropogen\u00e9za. Rastlinn\u00e1 diverzita. Prim\u00e1rna a sekund\u00e1rna speci\u00e1cia rastl\u00edn. Z\u00e1nik rastlinn\u00fdch druhov. Reproduk\u010dno-izola\u010dn\u00e9 mechanizmy. Hybridiz\u00e1cia a introgresia rastl\u00edn. Polyploidia. Rozmno\u017eovacie syst\u00e9my rastl\u00edn.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Futuyama, D.J.: Evolutionary biology, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 3rd ed., 1997.
Briggs D., Walters S. M.: Prom\u011bnlivost a evoluce rostlinn. – Univerzita Palack\u00e9ho, Olomouc, 2001.
Dobzhansky T. et al.: Evolution. San Francisco 1977.<\/p>\n

15.\u00a0 Etol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hist\u00f3ria a rozvoj etol\u00f3gie v syst\u00e9me pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch vied. Metodol\u00f3gia etol\u00f3gie. Vroden\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie a jeho formy. Najjednoduch\u0161ie formy u\u010denia – podmie\u0148ovanie a in\u0161trument\u00e1lne u\u010denie. Vy\u0161\u0161ie formy u\u010denia. Vz\u0165ahy medzi vroden\u00fdm spr\u00e1van\u00edm a u\u010den\u00edm. Soci\u00e1lne spr\u00e1vanie zvierat. Sexu\u00e1lne spr\u00e1vanie. Hrav\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie. Biologick\u00e9 rytmy v spr\u00e1van\u00ed \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov. Migr\u00e1cia \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov. Komunika\u010dn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my zvierat. Em\u00f3cie. Agresia v spr\u00e1van\u00ed zvierat a \u010dloveka. Abnorm\u00e1lne prejavy spr\u00e1vania.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>
M.Novack\u00fd, M.Czako: Z\u00e1klady etol\u00f3gie. SPN, Bratislava, 1987.
D.Franck: Etologie. Vydavatelstv\u00ed Karolinum, Praha, 1996.
Z.Veselovsk\u00fd: Chov\u00e1me se jako zv\u00ed\u0159ata ? Panorama, Praha, 1992.<\/p>\n

16. \u00a0Imunol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bunky a tkaniv\u00e1 lymfatick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Kooper\u00e1cia medzi T a B bunkami a makrof\u00e1gmi. \u0160pecifick\u00e1\u00a0 stimul\u00e1cia lymfocytov. Vroden\u00e1 imunita. Antig\u00e9ny a protil\u00e1tky. Imunitn\u00e1 odpove\u010f. Komplement. Interakcia antig\u00e9nu s protil\u00e1tkou. Hypersenzitivita. Transplanta\u010dn\u00e1 imunol\u00f3gia. Vybran\u00e9 ochorenia imunitn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>
Janeway C.A., Travers P., Walport M., Shlomchik M.J.: Immunobiology, Garland Science 2005.
Ho\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed V., Bartunkov\u00e1 J.: Z\u00e1klady imunologie, Triton 2001
Elektronick\u00e9 u\u010debn\u00e9 texty na: www.paulikova.szm.sk<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

17.\u00a0 Embryol\u00f3gia \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pohlavn\u00e9 a nepohlavn\u00e9 rozmno\u017eovanie \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov. Embryogen\u00e9za. Organogen\u00e9za. V\u00fdvoj pr\u00eddavn\u00fdch embryon\u00e1lnych org\u00e1nov u vt\u00e1kov, cicavcov a \u010dloveka. Implant\u00e1cie. Poruchy vo v\u00fdvoji a prenat\u00e1lna mortalita.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
J. Hor\u00e1k: Z\u00e1klady embryol\u00f3gie. U\u010debn\u00e9 texty PF UPJ\u0160 Ko\u0161ice, 1992.
E. Klika: Embryologie. Avicenum Praha, 1985.
M.G. Bruce: Human embryology and developmental biology. Mosby St.Louis, 1999.<\/p>\n

Volite\u013en\u00e9 predmety<\/strong><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0 Ekol\u00f3gia rastl\u00edn<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky integr\u00e1cie rastl\u00edn v prostred\u00ed, ekol\u00f3gia rastlinn\u00fdch popul\u00e1ci\u00ed, koak\u010dn\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy medzi jedincami a popul\u00e1ciou, dynamika popul\u00e1ci\u00ed. Vz\u0165ahy medzi produkciou popul\u00e1ci\u00ed a synekol\u00f3giou. Ekol\u00f3gia spolo\u010denstiev a ekosyst\u00e9mov.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Slav\u00edkov\u00e1, J.: Ekologie rostlin, SPN Praha, 1986.<\/p>\n

2. Fytogeografia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hist\u00f3ria predmetu. Rastliny a prostredie. Chorol\u00f3gia, are\u00e1l, are\u00e1lov\u00e9 disjunkcie, relikty, endemizmus, vikarizmus, elementy fl\u00f3ry. Hlavn\u00e9 rysy florogen\u00e9zy od prvoh\u00f4r po \u0161tvrtohory. Postglaci\u00e1lny v\u00fdvoj veget\u00e1cie Slovenska. Region\u00e1lna fytogeografia Zeme. Geografia veget\u00e1cie: od tropick\u00fdch da\u017e\u010fov\u00fdch pralesov po tundru. Zmeny zemskej veget\u00e1cie a ich \u0161t\u00fadium. Zemepisn\u00fd p\u00f4vod kult\u00farnych rastl\u00edn.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Hendrych R.: Fytogeografie, SPN, Praha 1984.
Brown J. H., Lomolino M. V.: Biogeography, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 1998.<\/p>\n

3. Fyziol\u00f3gia rastu a v\u00fdvinu rastl\u00edn<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rast a morfogen\u00e9za: f\u00e1zy a kinetika rastu; diferenci\u00e1cia. Horm\u00f3ny: metabolizmus a transport; mechanizmus a fyziologick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky; aux\u00edny, giberel\u00edny, cytokin\u00edny, kyselina abscisov\u00e1 a etyl\u00e9n. Polarita. Korel\u00e1cie rastu a apik\u00e1lna dominancia. Regener\u00e1cia a transplant\u00e1cia. Fotomorfogen\u00e9za: etioliz\u00e1cia; ch\u00e9mia a transform\u00e1cie fytochr\u00f3mu; fyziol\u00f3gia. Dormancia. Kl\u00ed\u010denie. Indukcia kvitnutia: jaroviz\u00e1cia; fotoperiodizmus. Starnutie. Biorytmy. Orient\u00e1cia v priestore: fototropizmus, gravitropizmus a nastie. Stresov\u00e1 odolnos\u0165.
Literat\u00fara:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Masarovi\u010dov\u00e1 E., Rep\u010d\u00e1k M. et al. Fyziol\u00f3gia rastl\u00edn. Vyd. UK Bratislava 2002; Proch\u00e1zka S. a kol. Fyziologie rostlin. Academia, Praha 1999.
Taiz L., Zeiger E., Plant physiology. Third editon. Sinauer ass., Sunderland 2002.<\/p>\n

4. Metabolizmus rastl\u00edn<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fotosynt\u00e9za: absorpcia svetla; komplexy tylakoidov; transport elektr\u00f3nov; fotofosforyl\u00e1cia; Calvinov, Hatchov a Slackov cyklus; fotorespir\u00e1cia; sacharidy. Respir\u00e1cia: glykol\u00fdza; citr\u00e1tov\u00fd cyklus; pent\u00f3zov\u00fd cyklus. Lipidy: biosynt\u00e9za a mobiliz\u00e1cia; glyoxal\u00e1tov\u00fd cyklus. Polyacetyl\u00e9ny. Metabolizmus dus\u00edka: nitrogen\u00e1za; asimil\u00e1cia nitr\u00e1tu a amoniaku. Metabolizmus s\u00edry. Izoprenoidy: biosynt\u00e9za; terp\u00e9nov\u00e9 l\u00e1tky a fytosteroly;. Cesta kyseliny \u0161ikimovej: fenoly; fenylprop\u00e1ny; lign\u00edny; flavonoidy. Alkaloidy. Ekofyziol\u00f3gia sekund\u00e1rnych metabolitov.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Lawlor D. W. Photosynthesis. Third edition. BIOS, Oxford 2001.
Masarovi\u010dov\u00e1 E., Rep\u010d\u00e1k M. et al. Fyziol\u00f3gia rastl\u00edn. Vyd. UK Bratislava 2002.
Proch\u00e1zka S. a kol. Fyziologie rostlin. Academia, Praha 1999.
Taiz L., Zeiger E., Plant physiology. Third editon. Sinauer ass., Sunderland 2002.<\/p>\n

5. Biol\u00f3gia rastlinn\u00fdch symbi\u00f3z<\/strong><\/p>\n

Morfologick\u00e9, cytologick\u00e9, fyziologick\u00e9 a biochemick\u00e9 aspekty najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edch pr\u00edkladov rastlinn\u00fdch symbi\u00f3z. Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia pozornos\u0165 sa venuje symbi\u00f3zam, ktor\u00fdch v\u00fdsledkom s\u00fa li\u0161ajn\u00edky, typom mykor\u00edz, symbi\u00f3zam cievnat\u00fdch rastl\u00edn a bakt\u00e9rii fixuj\u00facich dus\u00edk, symbi\u00f3zam koralov\u00fdch \u00fatesov a endosymbi\u00f3zam.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Van den Hoek, C. a kol. 1995: Algae, an introduction to phycology.
Deacon, J.W. 1997: Modern Mycology.<\/p>\n

6. Biotechnol\u00f3gia rastl\u00edn<\/strong>
\u00a0
Genetika a fyziol\u00f3gia rastlinn\u00fdch bunkov\u00fdch kult\u00far, protoplastov, pletivov\u00fdch kult\u00far, embryoidov a org\u00e1nov kultivovan\u00fdch in vitro v steriln\u00fdch podmienkach, ich v\u00fdznam a vyu\u017eitie vo vedeckom v\u00fdskume a praxi. Kryokonzerv\u00e1cia rastlinn\u00fdch explant\u00e1tov, imobilizovan\u00e9 bunkov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my. Genetick\u00e1 transform\u00e1cia rastlinn\u00fdch buniek a expresia cudz\u00edch g\u00e9nov v rastlin\u00e1ch.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
\u010cell\u00e1rov\u00e1, E., Brutovsk\u00e1, R., Vranov\u00e1, E.: Rastlinn\u00e1 biotechnol\u00f3gia, Ko\u0161ice, UPJ\u0160, 1993.
Nov\u00e1k, F.J.: Explant\u00e1tov\u00e9 kult\u00fary a jejich vyu\u017eit\u00ed ve \u0161lechten\u00ed rostlin, Academia Praha 1990.
Seman I. a kol.: Biotechnologick\u00e9 met\u00f3dy v \u0161\u013eachten\u00ed rastl\u00edn, Pr\u00edroda Bratislava 1990.<\/p>\n

7. Cytogenetika a karyol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Organiz\u00e1cia eukaryotick\u00e9ho gen\u00f3mu v bunkovom jadre. Skelet jadra. Jadierko, skelet jadierka. \u0160trukt\u00fara chromat\u00ednu a jeho zmeny. \u00darovne \u0161trukt\u00fary organiz\u00e1cie DNA v jadre. Chromoz\u00f3my. Polyt\u00e9nne chromoz\u00f3my. Bunkov\u00fd cyklus. Genetick\u00e1 regul\u00e1cia bunkov\u00e9ho cyklu. Genetick\u00e1 regul\u00e1cia bunkovej diferenci\u00e1cie a bunkov\u00e9ho starnutia. HUGO – poznatky o \u013eudskom gen\u00f3me a vz\u0165ahu k ostatn\u00fdm sekvenovan\u00fdm gen\u00f3mom.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Russel, J.P.: Genetics, Third Edition, Harper Collins Publisher, New York 1992.
Fer\u00e1k,V., Sr\u0161e\u0148, \u0160.: Genetika \u010dloveka, SPN Bratislava 1981.
Rosypal a kol.: Molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed genetika, SPN Praha 1983.<\/p>\n

8. Chronofyziol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u010casov\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara fyziologick\u00fdch premenn\u00fdch u \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov a \u010dloveka. Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 pojmy a rozdelenie biologick\u00fdch rytmov. V\u00fdznam biol\u00f3gie rytmov v evol\u00facii organizmov. Genetick\u00e1 podstata a molekul\u00e1rne mechanizmy biologick\u00fdch hod\u00edn u \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov. Lokaliz\u00e1cie biologick\u00fdch hod\u00edn v bunke. Endog\u00e9nna podstata biologick\u00fdch rytmov. Multioscil\u00e1torov\u00fd syst\u00e9m organizmu.V\u00fdznam cirkadi\u00e1nnych a sez\u00f3nnych rytmov pre \u017eivot zvierat a \u010dloveka. Aplik\u00e1cia poznatkov z chronofyziol\u00f3gie.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
J.Aschoff: Biologi\u010deskije rytmy. Mir.Moskva, 1984.
I.Ahlers: Vplyv faktorov kozmick\u00e9ho letu na tkanivov\u00e9 lipidy potkanov (s \u00favodom do chronofyziol\u00f3gie). Veda, Bratislava, 1984.
R.Wever: The circadian syst\u00e9m of man. Springer-Verlag, New York,1979.<\/p>\n

9. Ekofyziol\u00f3gia \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov a \u010dloveka<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vplyv faktorov vonkaj\u0161ieho prostredia vo fylogen\u00e9ze a ontogen\u00e9ze. Priebeh stresovej reakcie, druhy adapt\u00e1ci\u00ed. Patologick\u00e9 deform\u00e1cie adapta\u010dn\u00fdch procesov – v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 pr\u00edznaky chorobn\u00fdch procesov. Adapt\u00e1cie na vplyv faktorov vonkaj\u0161ieho prostredia umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00facich \u017eivot: adapt\u00e1cie na zmeny v pr\u00edjme potravy (hladovanie a nadv\u00fd\u017eiva), vplyv hypo- a hyperbarie, adapt\u00e1cia na zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fa salinitu vody, vplyv gravit\u00e1cie, vplyv vysokej a n\u00edzkej teploty, elektrick\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu elmag.po\u013ea a laseru, vplyv neionizuj\u00faceho a ionizuj\u00faceho \u017eiarenia, vplyv hluku, ultrazvuku a vibr\u00e1ci\u00ed a na \u017eiv\u00e9 organizmy.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
E.Ne\u010das a spol.: Obecn\u00e1 patologick\u00e1 fyziologie. KU Praha, Nakladate\u013estvo Karolinum, 2000.
\u0160.Paulov: Vpylv vonkaj\u0161\u00edch faktorov na \u017eiv\u00e9 syst\u00e9my.UK Bratislava, 1981.
L.Jansk\u00fd: Fysiologie adaptac\u00ed. Academia,Praha, 1979.
R.Petr\u00e1sek a spol.: Fyziologie adaptac\u00ed u \u017eivo\u010dichu a \u010dlov\u011bka. Masarykova Univerzita, Brno, 1992.<\/p>\n

10. Ekol\u00f3gia cicavcov<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ekologick\u00e1 charakteristika ekofyziologick\u00fdch adapt\u00e1ci\u00ed u cicavcov. Adapt\u00e1cie na v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 abiotick\u00e9 a biotick\u00e9 faktory (potrava, substr\u00e1t, teplota, voda, sneh a in\u00e9). Vybran\u00e9 aspekty popula\u010dnej dynamiky u hlodavcov.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Feldhamer G., Drickamer L., Vessey SH., Merritt JF., 2000. Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity and Ecology. McGraw Hill Hardback.
Vlas\u00e1k P., 1986. Ekologie cicavcu. Academia, Praha.<\/p>\n

11. Embryol\u00f3gia rastl\u00edn<\/p>\n

Sporogen\u00e9za, gametogen\u00e9za, opelenie a oplodnenie. Procesy v\u00fdvinu embrya rastl\u00edn v spojitosti s v\u00fdvinom ostatn\u00fdch plet\u00edv. Embryogen\u00e9za a jej zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti v niektor\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch rastl\u00edn. Apomixia.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Erdelsk\u00e1, O.: Embryol\u00f3gia krytosemenn\u00fdch rastl\u00edn. Veda, Bratislava, 1981.<\/p>\n

12. Fytopatol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Choroby rastl\u00edn, ich sympt\u00f3my, pr\u00ed\u010diny a z\u00e1konitosti vzniku, v\u00fdvin a etol\u00f3gia. Abion\u00f3zy: choroby sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 abiotick\u00fdmi faktormi prostredia. Bion\u00f3zy: choroby vyvolan\u00e9 viroidmi, v\u00edrusmi, slizovkami, aktinomyc\u00e9tami, bakt\u00e9riami a hubami. Poruchy sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 genetick\u00fdmi anom\u00e1liami. \u00dalohy vektorov a medzihostite\u013eov pri roz\u0161irovan\u00ed chor\u00f4b. Vz\u0165ah hostite\u013e – patog\u00e9n. Ochrana rastl\u00edn.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Kudela, V. a kol.: Obecn\u00e1 fytopatologie. Academia Praha, 1989.
Vedeck\u00e9 periodik\u00e1 a internetov\u00e9 zdroje.<\/p>\n

13.\u00a0 Geobotanika.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o rastlinn\u00fdch spolo\u010denstv\u00e1ch. Zlo\u017eenie a \u0161trukt\u00fara spolo\u010denstva (synmorfol\u00f3gia), synekol\u00f3gia, syngenetika, syndynamika, synchronol\u00f3gia. Vyu\u017eitie v\u00fdsledkov a met\u00f3d fytocenol\u00f3gie v praxi(lesn\u00e9 hospod\u00e1rstvo, ochrana pr\u00edrody, vegeta\u010dn\u00e9 mapovanie, \u00fazemn\u00e9 pl\u00e1novanie, urbanizmus a pod.).
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Moravec, J. a kol: Fytocenologie, Academia Praha, 1994.
Kov\u00e1\u0159 P.: Geobotanika (\u00davod do ekologick\u00e9 botaniky). Karolinum UK Praha 2002. Valachovi\u010d M. a kol.: Rastlinn\u00e9 spolo\u010denstva Slovenska. 1. Pionierska veget\u00e1cia. Veda SAV Bratislava 1995.
Jarol\u00edmek I. a kol. Rastlinn\u00e9 spolo\u010denstva Slovenska. 2. Synantropn\u00e1 veget\u00e1cia. Veda SAV Bratislava 1997.
Valachovi\u010d M. a kol. Rastlinn\u00e9 spolo\u010denstva Slovenska. 3. Veget\u00e1cia mokrad\u00ed. Veda SAV Bratislava 2001.<\/p>\n

14. Lie\u010div\u00e9 rastliny<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hist\u00f3ria a s\u00fa\u010dasnos\u0165. Farmakoterapeutick\u00e9 a toxick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky drog. \u00da\u010dinn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky. Chemotypy. Centr\u00e1 p\u00f4vodu lie\u010div\u00fdch rastl\u00edn. Dedi\u010dnos\u0165, met\u00f3dy \u0161\u013eachtenia a semen\u00e1rstvo. Produkcia lie\u010div\u00fdch rastl\u00edn a tvorba obsahov\u00fdch l\u00e1tok. Zber a pozberov\u00e1 \u00faprava, \u00e9terick\u00e9 oleje a extrakty. \u0160peci\u00e1lna \u010das\u0165: Claviceps, Angelica, Valeriana, Drosera, Levandula. Digitalis, Hypericum, Althaea, Calendula, Silybum, Chamomilla, Arctostaphylos, Melissa, Mentha, Hyssopus, Thymus, Salvia, Agrimonia, Rosa, Tilia, Achillea, Plantago, Panax a tonizuj\u00face rastliny.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Pahlow M.: Healing plants. New York 1993; Tomko J. a kol.: Farmakogn\u00f3zia. 2. vyd. Osveta, Martin 1999.<\/p>\n

15. Molekul\u00e1rna biol\u00f3gia rastl\u00edn<\/strong><\/p>\n

Organiz\u00e1cia rastlinn\u00e9ho gen\u00f3mu. Regula\u010dn\u00e9 sekvencie, g\u00e9nov\u00e9 rodiny, repetit\u00edvne sekvencie. G\u00e9ny Pre tRNA a rRNA, g\u00e9ny k\u00f3duj\u00face v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 rastlinn\u00e9 prote\u00edny. Regul\u00e1cie expresie rastlinn\u00e9ho gen\u00f3mu. \u0160trukt\u00fara a funkcie mtDNA a cpDNA. Mitochondri\u00e1lne plazmidy. Genetick\u00fd z\u00e1klad interakcie medzi rastlinou a patog\u00e9nom. Genetick\u00e9 mechanizmy reakcie na abiotick\u00fd stres. Rastlinn\u00e9 v\u00edrusy. Agrobacterium sp. a ich genetick\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Ti a Ri plazmidy. Met\u00f3dy genetickej transform\u00e1cie. Transg\u00e9nne rastliny.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Buchanan, B. B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R. J.: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. America Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, Maryland, 2000.
Ond\u0159ej, M.: Cytogenetika a molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed genetika rostlin. Academia Praha 1985.
Ond\u0159ej, M.: Genov\u00e9 in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed kulturn\u00edch rostlin. Academia Praha 1992.<\/p>\n

16. Metabolizmus \u017eivo\u010d\u00ed\u0161nej bunky<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00fdznam a \u00faloha sacharidov v \u017eivo\u010d\u00ed\u0161nom organizme. Vroden\u00e9 poruchy metabolizmu sacharidov a lipidov u \u010dloveka. Metabolizmus lipidov. \u00daloha pe\u010dene v tukovom tkanive v metabolizme lipidov. Metabolizmus plazmatick\u00fdch lipoprote\u00ednov a jeho poruchy. Cholesterol a ateroskler\u00f3za. Metabolizmus prote\u00ednov a jeho poruchy. Hospod\u00e1renie s vodou. Metabolizmus z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch miner\u00e1lnych prvkov organizmu. Fyziol\u00f3gia acidob\u00e1zickej rovnov\u00e1hy a jej regula\u010dn\u00e9 mechanizmy v \u017eivo\u010d\u00ed\u0161nom organizme. Metabolick\u00e9 regul\u00e1cie. Topoch\u00e9mia metabolick\u00fdch dejov v organizme.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
M.Feren\u010d\u00edk, B.\u0160k\u00e1rka, M.nov\u00e1k, L.Tureck\u00fd: Bioch\u00e9mia. Slovak Academic Press, Bratislava, 2000.
R.K.Murray a spol.: Harperova biochemie, H plus H, Praha, 1998.
J.Musil, O.Nov\u00e1kov\u00e1: Biochemie v obrazech a schematech, Avicenum Praha, 1989.<\/p>\n

17. Zoogeografia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rroz\u0161\u00edrenie \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov, typy are\u00e1lov roz\u0161\u00edrenia a ich z\u00e1vislos\u0165 na ekologick\u00fdch a biotick\u00fdch \u010dinite\u013eoch.Rrajoniz\u00e1cia zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu a pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 charakteristick\u00fdch tax\u00f3nov fauny s d\u00f4razom na palearktick\u00fa oblas\u0165 a stredn\u00fa Eur\u00f3pu Aantropog\u00e9nne vplyvy na roz\u0161\u00edrenie \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Buchar, J., 1983: Zoogeografie. SPN Praha.
Plesn\u00edk, P., Zatkal\u00edk, F., 1996: Biogeografia. Vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9 skript\u00e1, Pr\u00edFUK Bratislava.<\/p>\n

18.\u00a0 Biofarmakol\u00f3gia<\/p>\n

Pojem, hist\u00f3ria, v\u00fdznam a rozdelenie biofarmakol\u00f3gie. Pojem lie\u010diva, rozdelenie liekov a liekopis. Osud lie\u010diva v organizme: absorpcia a distrib\u00facia. Biotransform\u00e1cia lie\u010diva. Vylu\u010dovanie lie\u010div a \u010dasov\u00e9 priebehy hlad\u00edn liekov. Chronofarmakol\u00f3gia. Farmakogenetika. Mechanizmus \u00fa\u010dinku lie\u010diva na molekul\u00e1rnej \u00farovni. Farmak\u00f3n-receptorov\u00fd komplex. Interakcie liekov.Chronick\u00e9 pod\u00e1vanie liekov. Ved\u013eaj\u0161ie \u00fa\u010dinky lie\u010div. Teratog\u00e9nne a karcinog\u00e9nne \u00fa\u010dinky lie\u010div. V\u00fdvoj a zav\u00e1dzanie nov\u00fdch liekov.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
M.Mirossay: V\u0161eobecn\u00e1 farmakol\u00f3gia. Ko\u0161ice, LF UPJ\u0160, 2001.
M.Wenke a kol.: Farmakologie I. Praha, Avicenum, 1986.<\/p>\n

19. Biospeleol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zaober\u00e1 sa jaskynnou faunou a mikrofl\u00f3rou, morfol\u00f3giou a systematikou pr\u00edtomn\u00fdch skup\u00edn \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov a mikrofl\u00f3ry, ich adapt\u00e1ciami na toto \u0161pecifick\u00e9 prostredie, ich zoogeografick\u00fdm roz\u0161\u00edren\u00edm, fungovan\u00edm jaskynn\u00e9ho ekosyst\u00e9mu a jeho jednotliv\u00fdch komponentov, anrtopog\u00e9nnymi vplyvmi a ochranou jaskynnej bioty.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Culver D. C.: Cave life \u2013 evolution and ecology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, 1982.
Vandel A.: Biospeleology – the biology of cavernicolous animals. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1965.<\/p>\n

20. Ekologick\u00e1 etol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Predmet soci\u00e1lnej biol\u00f3gie (ekologickej etol\u00f3gie) a jeho vz\u0165ah k ostatn\u00fdm biologick\u00fdm discipl\u00ednam. Evol\u00facia soci\u00e1lneho spr\u00e1vania jednotliv\u00fdch skup\u00edn \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov a \u010dloveka. Strat\u00e9gie vo vytv\u00e1ran\u00edm soci\u00e1lnych vz\u0165ahov a skup\u00edn vo vz\u0165ahu k ekosyst\u00e9mu. Interakcie vroden\u00fdch z\u00e1kladov spr\u00e1vania a environment\u00e1lnych vplyvov. V\u00fdber vhodn\u00e9ho soci\u00e1lneho usporiadania, vhodn\u00e9ho partnera, vhodn\u00e9ho rozmno\u017eovacieho a rodi\u010dovsk\u00e9ho pr\u00edstupu. S\u00fa\u0165a\u017eivos\u0165 indiv\u00eddu\u00ed a pohlav\u00ed.
Lierat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
D.Franck: Etologie. Vyd. Karolinum, Praha, 1996.
E.O.Wilson: O lidsk\u00e9 p\u0159irozenosti. Nakl. Lidov\u00e9 noviny, Praha, 1993.
R.Dawkins: Sobeck\u00fd gen. Mlad\u00e1 fronta, Praha, 1998.<\/p>\n

21. Ekol\u00f3gia p\u00f4dnych \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov<\/strong><\/p>\n

Predmet pojedn\u00e1va o p\u00f4de ako ekologickom syst\u00e9me a type \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia, o ekologick\u00fdch faktoroch ovplyv\u0148uj\u00facich \u017eivot v p\u00f4de, \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchoch v nej \u017eij\u00facich a ich adapt\u00e1ci\u00e1ch na toto prostredie. Obsahom predmetu je \u010falej fungovanie p\u00f4dneho ekosyst\u00e9mu a pochopenie z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch interakcii p\u00f4dnej fauny s rizosf\u00e9rou rastl\u00edn a s p\u00f4dnou mikrofl\u00f3\u0155ou.
Literat\u00fara:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Lavelle P., Spain A. V., 2001: Soil Ecology. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Losos, B. a kol., 1984: Ekologie \u017eivo\u010d\u00edch\u016f. SPN Praha.
Wallwork, J.A., 1970: Ecology of Soil Animals. McGraw-Hill, England.<\/p>\n

22. Ekol\u00f3gia vodn\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov<\/strong><\/p>\n

Biol\u00f3gia, spr\u00e1vanie sa, v\u00fdskyt a \u0161\u00edrenie sa jednotliv\u00fdch skup\u00edn a hlavn\u00fdch z\u00e1stupcov vodn\u00fdch organizmov v podmienkach sladkovodn\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9mov mierneho p\u00e1sma strednej Eur\u00f3py.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Fryer, G., 1991: A natural history if the Lakes, tarns and streams of English lake district. Freshw. Biol. Ass., Ferry House, Ambleside, Cumbria.
Kubisch, K., Hemmik, J., 1982: Ponds and pools \u2013 oases in the landscape. Ediotion Leipzig.
Hudec, I., 1996. Hydrobiol\u00f3gia, Pr\u00edroda a.<\/p>\n

23. Hydrobiol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Je zameran\u00e1 na dynamiku abiotick\u00fdch a biotick\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov, pomerov a interakci\u00ed v r\u00f4znych typoch sladkovodn\u00e9ho prostredia. Zaober\u00e1 sa problematikou: biodiverzity ,zne\u010dis\u0165ovania, regul\u00e1cie a renaturaliz\u00e1cie vodn\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9mov; z\u00e1kladnou legislat\u00edvou t\u00fdkaj\u00facou sa v\u00f4d Slovenska.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Hudec, I., 1996: Hydrobiol\u00f3gia. Pr\u00edroda, Bratislava.
Lell\u00e1k, J., Kub\u00ed\u010dek, F., 1991: Hydrobiologie. UK Karolinum, Praha.
Zelinka, M. a kol., 1985: Z\u00e1klady aplikovan\u00e9 hydrobiologie. SPN, Praha.<\/p>\n

24. Parazitol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Klasifik\u00e1cia\u00a0 prakticky v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov. Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 parazitologick\u00e9 pojmy \u2013 adapt\u00e1cie, parazit, hostite\u013e, systematick\u00fd preh\u013ead parazitick\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov, ich ekol\u00f3gia a epidemiol\u00f3gia, pr\u00edrodn\u00e1 ohniskovos\u0165, transimis\u00edvne parazit\u00f3zy.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Jur\u00e1sek, V., Dubinsk\u00fd, P. a kol., 1993: Veterin\u00e1rna parazitol\u00f3gia. Pr\u00edroda, a. s., Bratislava.
Ry\u0161av\u00fd, B. a kol., 1988: Z\u00e1klady parazitologie. SPN, Praha.
\u010cat\u00e1r, G., 1982: Lek\u00e1rska parazitol\u00f3gia. UK, Bratislava.<\/p>\n

25. Cytopatol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Konverzia norm\u00e1lnej bunky na n\u00e1dorov\u00fa.
2. V\u0161eobecn\u00e9 vlastnosti n\u00e1dorov\u00fdch buniek, pseudotumory.
3. Chemick\u00e9 a fyzik\u00e1lne karcinog\u00e9ny.
4. V\u00edrusy ako induk\u010dn\u00e9 agens karcinogen\u00e9zy.
5. Biol\u00f3gia onkodna v\u00edrusov, onkoprote\u00edny papovav\u00edrusov.
6. N\u00e1dorov\u00e9 v\u00edrusy s RNA-g\u00e9nomom.
7. Protoonkog\u00e9n a onkog\u00e9n, klasifik\u00e1cia protoonkog\u00e9nov.
8. Protoonkog\u00e9ny k\u00f3duj\u00face rastov\u00e9 faktory a receptory rastov\u00fdch faktorov.
9. Protoonkog\u00e9ny k\u00f3duj\u00face nereceptorov\u00e9 proteinkin\u00e1zy a transkrip\u010dn\u00e9 faktory.
10. Aktiv\u00e1cia protoonkog\u00e9nu.
11. N\u00e1dorov\u00e9 supresorov\u00e9 g\u00e9ny, apopt\u00f3za a nekr\u00f3za.
12. Biologick\u00e9 markery mal\u00edgnych buniek, imunol\u00f3gia metastatick\u00e9ho procesu.
13. Imunoterapia, chemoterapia a r\u00e1dioterapia.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
S. Rosypal: \u00davod do molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed biologie, II. a III. diel. Brno, 1997, 2000.
F. Fremuth: Regulace a inhibice r\u016fstu norm\u00e1ln\u00edch a n\u00e1dorov\u00fdch bun\u011bk. SPN Praha, 1986.
M. Buc: Klinick\u00e1 imunol\u00f3gia. Veda Bratislava, 1997.
P. Klener a kol.: Cytokiny ve vnit\u0159n\u00edm l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed. Grada, Avicenum Praha, 1997.
G.V. Sherbet and M.S. Lakshmi: The Genetics of Cancer. Academic Press, 1997.
I.Hul\u00edn a kol.: Patofyziol\u00f3gia. Slovak Academic Press, s.r.o. 1998.<\/p>\n

26. Genetika \u010dloveka<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 poznatky o dedi\u010dnosti fyziologickej a patologickej variability, genetick\u00e9 javy v rodin\u00e1ch a rodokme\u0148och, \u013eudsk\u00e1 g\u00e9nov\u00e1 mapa a organiz\u00e1cia \u013eudsk\u00e9ho gen\u00f3mu, diagnostika genetick\u00fdch patologick\u00fdch stavov, mo\u017enosti lie\u010dby geneticky podmienen\u00fdch patologick\u00fdch stavov.\u00a0
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Fer\u00e1k, V., Sr\u0161e\u0148, \u0160.: Genetika \u010dloveka, SPN Bratislava, 1990.
Thompson, J.S., Thompsonov\u00e1, M.W.: Klinick\u00e1 genetika, Osveta, Martin, 1988.
Sr\u0161e\u0148, \u0160., Sr\u0161\u0148ov\u00e1, K.: Z\u00e1klady klinicej genetiky a jej molekul\u00e1rna podstata, Osveta, Martin, 2000.<\/p>\n

27. Molekulov\u00e1 biol\u00f3gia ontogenetick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvinu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Regul\u00e1cia ontogenetick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvinu eukaryotick\u00fdch organizmov. Program ontogenetick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvinu. Determin\u00e1cia a diferenci\u00e1cia buniek. Molekulov\u00e9 mechanizmy tvorby \u0161pecializovan\u00fdch bunkov\u00fdch typov. Epigenetick\u00e9 mechanizmy bunkovej pam\u00e4ti. Imprinting. Kombina\u010dn\u00e1 kontrola eukaryotick\u00fdch g\u00e9nov. G\u00e9ny reguluj\u00face v\u00fdvin mnohobunkov\u00fdch organizmov. Ur\u010denie polohovej poz\u00edcie bunky. Formovanie telesn\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu z\u00e1rodka. Ur\u010denie hlavn\u00fdch telesn\u00fdch os\u00ed. Kontrola \u017eivotn\u00e9ho cyklu buniek. Klonovanie mnohobunkov\u00fdch organizmov.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
B. Alberts, D. Bray, J. Lewis a kol.: Molecular Biology of the Cell. Lond\u00fdn, 1994.<\/p>\n

28. Experiment\u00e1lna hematol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pojem kme\u0148ovej bunky, hemopoetick\u00e9 mikroprostredie, pluripotentn\u00e1 hemopoetick\u00e1 kme\u0148ov\u00e1 bunka, unipotentn\u00e9 kme\u0148ov\u00e9 bunky, vy\u0161etrovacie met\u00f3dy kme\u0148ov\u00fdch buniek, \u00faloha hemopoetick\u00fdch rastov\u00fdch faktorov a interleuk\u00ednov v hemopo\u00e9ze, v\u00fdznam por\u00fach hemopoetick\u00fdch kme\u0148ov\u00fdch buniek pre klinick\u00fa prax.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
J. Neuwirt, E. Ne\u010das: Kmenov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky a krevn\u00ed choroby.Avicenum Praha, 1981.
J. Neuwirt, E. Ne\u010das a kol.: Patofyziologie krve. Avicenum Praha, 1983.
P. Klener a kol.: Cytokiny ve vnit\u0159n\u00edm l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed. Grada, Avicenum Praha, 1997.
M. Buc: Klinick\u00e1 imunol\u00f3gia, Veda Bratislava 1997.
J.H. Carr and B.F. Rodak: Clinical Hematology Atlas. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1999.<\/p>\n

29. Popula\u010dn\u00e1 genetika<\/strong><\/p>\n

Genofond a genotypov\u00e9 zlo\u017eenie popul\u00e1cie. Genetick\u00e1 rovnov\u00e1ha popul\u00e1cie \u2013 Hardyho-Weinbergov z\u00e1kon, v\u00e4zbov\u00e9 disekvilibrium. Panmixia a inbr\u00edding, d\u00f4sledky inbr\u00eddingu v popul\u00e1cii – Bernsteinov-Wrightov z\u00e1kon, konsangvinita, homogamia, Wahlundov efekt. Mut\u00e1cie a muta\u010dn\u00fd tlak, genetick\u00e1 z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e. Selekcia a selek\u010dn\u00fd tlak, reproduk\u010dn\u00e1 zdatnos\u0165 popul\u00e1cie. N\u00e1hodn\u00e9 javy – genetick\u00fd drift, efekt zakladate\u013ea, migr\u00e1cia. Genetick\u00e9 izol\u00e1ty a ich d\u00f4sledky, genetick\u00fd polymorfizmus. Evolu\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdznam zmien genofondu.
Literat\u00fara:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
Fer\u00e1k, V.,Sr\u0161e\u0148, \u0160.: Genetika \u010dloveka, SPN Bratislava, 1990.
Griffiths, A.J.F. et al.:Modern Genetic Analysis, W.H.Freeman and Co., New York, 1999.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0160tudijn\u00e9 predmety s\u00fa rozdelen\u00e9 do skupiny povinn\u00fdch a volite\u013en\u00fdch predmetov. Uch\u00e1dza\u010d si vyberie dva \u0161tudijn\u00e9 predmety, z ktor\u00fdch jeden mus\u00ed by\u0165 zo skupiny povinn\u00fdch predmetov a jeden zo skupiny volite\u013en\u00fdch predmetov. Povinn\u00e9 predmety 1. Botanika I Morfol\u00f3gia, cytol\u00f3gia, ekol\u00f3gia, fylogen\u00e9za a syst\u00e9m v\u0161etk\u00fdch skup\u00edn tzv. ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch rastl\u00edn. Sinice a riasy (Cyanophyta, Prochlorophyta, Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, Heterocontophyta, … \u010c\u00edta\u0165 \u010falej<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":17187,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18986","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":{"acf_link_na_externy_obsah":""},"yoast_head":"\nPredmety rigor\u00f3znej sk\u00fa\u0161ky - Biol\u00f3gia - Pr\u00edrodovedeck\u00e1 fakulta | UPJ\u0160<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upjs.sk\/prirodovedecka-fakulta\/studium\/dalsie-vzdelavanie\/predmety-rigoroznej-skusky-biologia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Predmety rigor\u00f3znej sk\u00fa\u0161ky - Biol\u00f3gia - Pr\u00edrodovedeck\u00e1 fakulta | UPJ\u0160\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0160tudijn\u00e9 predmety s\u00fa rozdelen\u00e9 do skupiny povinn\u00fdch a volite\u013en\u00fdch predmetov. 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